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The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...
Traditional line length research, limited to print-based text, gave a variety of results, but generally for printed text it is widely accepted that line lengths fall between 45 and 75 characters per line (cpl), though the ideal is 66 cpl (including letters and spaces). [1]
Original file (SVG file, nominally 85 × 75 pixels, file size: 660 bytes) This is a file from the Wikimedia Commons . Information from its description page there is shown below.
It can also merge files, create new files from existing files, and move pages between files; Adobe Reader: Adobe Systems's reader which is also available for Macintosh; Safari plug-in available; Skim, an open-source (BSD licence) PDF reader and note-taker for macOS; Foxit Reader: Proprietary, freeware. Allows users to add elements to PDFs (e.g ...
Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. A CSV file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, where each line of the file typically represents one data record. Each record consists of the same number of fields, and these are separated by commas in the ...
The longest common substrings of a set of strings can be found by building a generalized suffix tree for the strings, and then finding the deepest internal nodes which have leaf nodes from all the strings in the subtree below it. The figure on the right is the suffix tree for the strings "ABAB", "BABA" and "ABBA", padded with unique string ...
Compact Letter Display (CLD) is a statistical method to clarify the output of multiple hypothesis testing when using the ANOVA and Tukey's range tests. CLD can also be applied following the Duncan's new multiple range test (which is similar to Tukey's range test).
The underlines indicate the distribution contains one tile fewer for the letter than would be if the 102 tiles of the current language set were simply doubled. Complete Set of old German Scrabble Tiles. Note that the quasi-letter ß (Eszett) is not used in any official distribution.