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A volcanic crater is a bowl-shaped depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity, usually located above the volcano's vent. [11] During volcanic eruptions, molten magma and volcanic gases rise from an underground magma chamber, through a conduit, until they reach the crater's vent, from where the gases escape into the atmosphere and the magma is erupted as lava.
An explosion crater is a type of crater formed when material is ejected from the surface of the ground by an explosion at or immediately above or below the surface. Stylised cross-section of a crater formed by a below-ground explosion. A crater is formed by an explosion through the displacement and ejection of material from the ground.
TNT is occasionally used as a reagent in chemical synthesis, but it is best known as an explosive material with convenient handling properties. The explosive yield of TNT is considered to be the standard comparative convention of bombs and asteroid impacts. In chemistry, TNT is used to generate charge transfer salts.
The Multi-Component Gas Analyzer System (Multi-GAS) is also used to remotely measure CO 2, SO 2 and H 2 S. [17] The fluxes of other gases are usually estimated by measuring the ratios of different gases within the volcanic plume, e.g. by FTIR, electrochemical sensors at the volcano crater rim, or direct sampling, and multiplying the ratio of ...
Most modern petrologists classify igneous rocks, including volcanic rocks, by their chemistry when dealing with their origin. The fact that different mineralogies and textures may be developed from the same initial magmas has led petrologists to rely heavily on chemistry to look at a volcanic rock's origin. [citation needed]
The age of moldavites, a type of tektite found in the Czech Republic, was determined to be 14 million years, which agrees well with the age determined for the Nördlinger Ries crater (a few hundred kilometers away in Germany) by radiometric dating of Suevite (an impact breccia found at the crater).
For premium support please call: 800-290-4726 more ways to reach ... Archaeologists using lasers on a satellite found a circular crater on the northern coast of France — and made a monumental ...
The chemical formula of moldavite is SiO 2 (+Al 2 O 3). Its properties are similar to those of other types of glass, and reported Mohs hardness varies from 5.5 [ 1 ] to 7. [ 2 ] Moldavite can be transparent or translucent with a mossy green color, with swirls and bubbles accentuating its mossy appearance.