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A buck converter or step-down converter is a DC-to-DC converter which decreases voltage, while increasing current, from its input to its output . It is a class of switched-mode power supply . Switching converters (such as buck converters) provide much greater power efficiency as DC-to-DC converters than linear regulators , which are simpler ...
Figure 1: Schematic of an electrical circuit illustrating current division. Notation R T refers to the total resistance of the circuit to the right of resistor R X.. In electronics, a current divider is a simple linear circuit that produces an output current (I X) that is a fraction of its input current (I T).
In a series circuit, the current that flows through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the circuit is the sum of the individual voltage drops across each component. [1] In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents flowing through each ...
The solutions to the long line transmission equations include incident and reflected portions of the voltage and current: = + + = / + / When the line is terminated with its characteristic impedance, the reflected portions of these equations are reduced to 0 and the solutions to the voltage and current along the transmission line are wholly ...
Loop-powered "I to P" (current to pressure) converters can convert the 4–20 mA signal to a 3–15 psi pneumatic output for control valves, allowing easy integration of 4–20 mA signals into existing pneumatic plant. Field instrumentation measurements include pressure, temperature, level, flow, pH or other process variables.
This is related to transmission-line theory. Matching also enables the telephone hybrid coil (2- to 4-wire conversion) to operate correctly. As the signals are sent and received on the same two-wire circuit to the central office (or exchange), cancellation is necessary at the telephone earpiece so excessive sidetone is not heard. All devices ...
In direct-current circuit theory, Norton's theorem, also called the Mayer–Norton theorem, is a simplification that can be applied to networks made of linear time-invariant resistances, voltage sources, and current sources. At a pair of terminals of the network, it can be replaced by a current source and a single resistor in parallel.
Mathematically, current and voltage sources can be converted to each other using Thévenin's theorem and Norton's theorem. In the case of a nonlinear device , such as a transistor , the term "output impedance" usually refers to the effect upon a small-amplitude signal, and will vary with the bias point of the transistor, that is, with the ...