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The histone code is a hypothesis that the transcription of genetic information encoded in DNA is in part regulated by chemical modifications (known as histone marks) to histone proteins, primarily on their unstructured ends. Together with similar modifications such as DNA methylation it is part of the epigenetic code. [1]
The similarity-based [4] virtual screening (a kind of ligand-based virtual screening) assumes that all compounds in a database that are similar to a query compound have similar biological activity. Although this hypothesis is not always valid, [5] quite often the set of retrieved compounds is considerably enriched with actives. [6]
Either a three letter code or single letter code can be used to represent the 22 naturally encoded amino acids, as well as mixtures or ambiguous amino acids (similar to nucleic acid notation). [1] [2] [3] Peptides can be directly sequenced, or inferred from DNA sequences. Large sequence databases now exist that collate known protein sequences.
The code emerges at a transition when the mapping of codons to amino acids becomes nonrandom. The code's emergence is governed by the topology defined by the probable errors and is related to the map coloring problem. [109] Game theory: Models based on signaling games combine elements of game theory, natural selection and information channels ...
Silica clathrasil are compounds structurally similar to clathrate hydrates with a SiO 2 framework and can be found in a range of marine sediment. [ 23 ] Clathrate compounds with formula A 8 B 16 X 30 , where A is an alkaline earth metal , B is a group III element, and X is an element from group IV have been explored for thermoelectric devices.
Molecular binding is an attractive interaction between two molecules that results in a stable association in which the molecules are in close proximity to each other. It is formed when atoms or molecules bind together by sharing of electrons. It often, but not always, involves some chemical bonding.
Various functional RNA molecules are stabilized, in their specific folded pattern, by both canonical as well as non-canonical base pairs. Most tRNA molecules, for example, are known to have four short double helical segments, giving rise to a cloverleaf like two-dimensional structure.
The Molecular Slicer [10] is similar to RECAP and has been used to identify fragments that are commonly found in marketed oral drugs. The Leatherface program [ 11 ] is a general purpose molecule editor which allows automated modification of a number of substructural features of molecules in databases, including protonation state, hydrogen count ...