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Lignite mining, western North Dakota, US (c. 1945). Lignite is brownish-black in color and has a carbon content of 60–70 percent on a dry ash-free basis. However, its inherent moisture content is sometimes as high as 75 percent [1] and its ash content ranges from 6–19 percent, compared with 6–12 percent for bituminous coal. [5]
The primary site for ether cleavage is the α-carbon (carbon atom attached to the aromatic ring) of the propyl (linear three carbon) side chain. The following structures do not specify the structure since lignin and its derivatives are complex mixtures: the purpose is to give a general idea of the structure of lignosulfonates.
The fixed carbon content of the coal is the carbon found in the material which is left after volatile materials are driven off. This differs from the ultimate carbon content of the coal because some carbon is lost in hydrocarbons with the volatiles. Fixed carbon is used as an estimate of the amount of coke that will be yielded from a sample of ...
Organic-rich sedimentary rocks are a specific type of sedimentary rock that contains significant amounts (>3%) of organic carbon. [1] [2] The most common types include coal, lignite, oil shale, or black shale. [2]
It is an oxidation product of lignite, associated with near-surface mining. [1] It is a rich source of humic acid (up to 90%) [2] and is used as a soil conditioner, as a stabilizer for ion-exchange resins in water treatment, [3] in the remediation of polluted environments and as a drilling additive. [4]
Because East German industry urgently needed coke after the Second World War and the anthracite coal traditionally used for its production was found for the most part in western Germany, the two process engineers Erich Rammler and Georg Bilkenroth began researching and developing a metallurgical high-temperature lignite coke in 1949.
This coal is also amongst the world's 'wettest' coal, with a typical moisture content of 60 per cent water by weight. High moisture content makes Victorian brown coal an inefficient fuel source and is the primary reason why the Hazelwood power station in the Latrobe Valley is regarded as the world's dirtiest coal-fired power station. The Coldry ...
The value of bituminite increases with grade. At high grade, i.e. high maturity, bituminite has high hydrogen to carbon content [citation needed]. A high hydrogen/carbon ratio bituminite indicates a good hydrocarbon source. However, low grades of bituminite vary depending on type, meaning that there is variable hydrogen/carbon ratios. [1]