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Lignite mining, western North Dakota, US (c. 1945). Lignite is brownish-black in color and has a carbon content of 60–70 percent on a dry ash-free basis. However, its inherent moisture content is sometimes as high as 75 percent [1] and its ash content ranges from 6–19 percent, compared with 6–12 percent for bituminous coal. [5]
In the ASTM system, any coal with more than 69% fixed carbon is classified by its content of carbon and volatiles. Coal with less than 69% fixed carbon is classified by its heating value. Volatiles and carbon are on a dry mineral free base; heating value is based on the moisture content as mined, but without any free water.
Substitute natural gas (SNG), or synthetic natural gas, is a fuel gas (predominantly methane, CH 4) that can be produced from fossil fuels such as lignite coal, oil shale, or from biofuels (when it is named bio-SNG) or using electricity with power-to-gas systems.
It is an oxidation product of lignite, associated with near-surface mining. [1] It is a rich source of humic acid (up to 90%) [ 2 ] and is used as a soil conditioner , as a stabilizer for ion-exchange resins in water treatment, [ 3 ] in the remediation of polluted environments and as a drilling additive. [ 4 ]
Organic-rich sedimentary rocks are a specific type of sedimentary rock that contains significant amounts (>3%) of organic carbon. [1] [2] The most common types include coal, lignite, oil shale, or black shale. [2]
This coal is also amongst the world's 'wettest' coal, with a typical moisture content of 60 per cent water by weight. High moisture content makes Victorian brown coal an inefficient fuel source and is the primary reason why the Hazelwood power station in the Latrobe Valley is regarded as the world's dirtiest coal-fired power station. The Coldry ...
Chemical properties of the lignite found in the Visonta Coal Mine According to Kosma (2011) According to Stoll, Niemann-Delius, Drebenstedt, Müllensiefen (2008) According to Dovrtel (2003) East Pit II South Pit Entire mine (excluding East Pit III) Water content 49.5 % 46–50 % 50.4% Ash content 20.0% 16.0% 13–17 % 16–20 % Sulphur content
The primary site for ether cleavage is the α-carbon (carbon atom attached to the aromatic ring) of the propyl (linear three carbon) side chain. The following structures do not specify the structure since lignin and its derivatives are complex mixtures: the purpose is to give a general idea of the structure of lignosulfonates.