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Ductility is a critical mechanical performance indicator, particularly in applications that require materials to bend, stretch, or deform in other ways without breaking. The extent of ductility can be quantitatively assessed using the percent elongation at break, given by the equation:
Note that though the pulling force is decreasing, the work strengthening is still progressing, that is, the true stress keeps growing but the engineering stress decreases because the shrinking section area is not considered. This region ends up with the fracture. After fracture, percent elongation and reduction in section area can be calculated.
In mechanics, strain is defined as relative deformation, compared to a reference position configuration. Different equivalent choices may be made for the expression of a strain field depending on whether it is defined with respect to the initial or the final configuration of the body and on whether the metric tensor or its dual is considered.
For small values of these changes, ν is the amount of transversal elongation divided by the amount of axial compression. Most materials have Poisson's ratio values ranging between 0.0 and 0.5. For soft materials, [1] such as rubber, where the bulk modulus is much higher than the shear modulus, Poisson's ratio is near 0.5. For open-cell polymer ...
Elongation (ε) at break: 80–150%: Compressive strength (σ c) >80 MPa: Poisson's ratio (ν) 0.37: Hardness—Rockwell: M70: Izod impact strength: 600–850 J/m: Notch test: 20–35 kJ/m 2: Abrasive resistance ASTM D1044: 10–15 m g/1000 cycles: Coefficient of friction (μ) 0.31: Speed of sound: 2270 m/s: Thermal properties; Glass transition ...
Yield Point Elongation (YPE) significantly impacts the usability of steel. In the context of tensile testing and the engineering stress-strain curve, the Yield Point is the initial stress level, below the maximum stress, at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress.
The elongation measurement is used to calculate ... the application of the above stress formula is problematic. ... Percent bending should be under 1% on the wider ...
Deflection (f) in engineering. In structural engineering, deflection is the degree to which a part of a long structural element (such as beam) is deformed laterally (in the direction transverse to its longitudinal axis) under a load.