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The ancient Hebrews, like all the ancient peoples of the Near East, believed the sky was a solid dome with the Sun, Moon, planets and stars embedded in it. [4] In biblical cosmology, the firmament is the vast solid dome created by God during his creation of the world to divide the primal sea into upper and lower portions so that the dry land could appear.
The Babylonians were the first civilization known to possess a functional theory of the planets. [9] The oldest surviving planetary astronomical text is the Babylonian Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa, a 7th-century BC copy of a list of observations of the motions of the planet Venus that probably dates as early as the second millennium BC.
A form of writing known as cuneiform emerged among the Sumerians around 3500–3000 BC. Our knowledge of Sumerian astronomy is indirect, via the earliest Babylonian star catalogues dating from about 1200 BC. The fact that many star names appear in Sumerian suggests a continuity reaching into the Early Bronze Age.
Mesopotamia's image of the world, following the path Gilgamesh takes in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Ancient Near Eastern (ANE) cosmology refers to the plurality of cosmological beliefs in the Ancient Near East, covering the period from the 4th millennium BC to the formation of the Macedonian Empire by Alexander the Great in the second half of the 1st millennium BC.
Various sources have theorized a Sumerian origin for these Babylonian constellations, [1] but an Elamite origin has also been proposed. [2] A connection to the star symbology of Kassite kudurru border stones has also been claimed, but whether such kudurrus really represented constellations and astronomical information aside from the use of the ...
Map is one of the most precise measurements of how ‘stuff’ is distributed through the cosmos
A map showing the extent of Mesopotamia. ... to associate current events with certain positions of the planets and ... The Sumerian word for universe is an ...
Nibiru was considered the seat of the summus deus who shepherds the stars like sheep, in Babylon identified with Marduk.The establishment of the nibiru point is described in tablet 5 of the creation epic Enûma Eliš: “When Marduk fixed the locations (manzazu) of Nibiru, Enlil and Ea in the sky".