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Lignite mining, western North Dakota, US (c. 1945). Lignite is brownish-black in color and has a carbon content of 60–70 percent on a dry ash-free basis. However, its inherent moisture content is sometimes as high as 75 percent [1] and its ash content ranges from 6–19 percent, compared with 6–12 percent for bituminous coal. [5]
The fixed carbon content of the coal is the carbon found in the material which is left after volatile materials are driven off. This differs from the ultimate carbon content of the coal because some carbon is lost in hydrocarbons with the volatiles. Fixed carbon is used as an estimate of the amount of coke that will be yielded from a sample of ...
Bituminous coal has a composition of about 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis. [40] The low oxygen content of coal shows that coalification removed most of the oxygen and much of the hydrogen a process called carbonization. [41]
The value of bituminite increases with grade. At high grade, i.e. high maturity, bituminite has high hydrogen to carbon content [citation needed]. A high hydrogen/carbon ratio bituminite indicates a good hydrocarbon source. However, low grades of bituminite vary depending on type, meaning that there is variable hydrogen/carbon ratios. [1]
Bituminous coal is formed from sub-bituminous coal that is buried deeply enough to be heated to 85 °C (185 °F) or higher. Bituminous coal is used primarily for electrical power generation [1] and in the steel industry. Bituminous coal suitable for smelting iron (coking coal or metallurgical coal) must be low in sulfur and phosphorus. It ...
Fossiliferous organic carbon can alI BE sported throughout the modern environment, in rivers, soils, and eventually the oceans. This process occurs over a very large time scale, and acts as one of the major mechanisms for fossiliferous organic carbon to be released back into the environment.
Leonardite was first described from North Dakota and is found associated with virtually all the lignite deposits in the state. [6] Leonardite has also been described worldwide from deposits of lignite or sub-bituminous coals e.g. in Alberta, Canada, [4] in Achlada and Zeli, Greece, [7] in Turkey and in Bacchus Marsh, Australia.
Sub-bituminous coal is a lower grade of coal that contains 35–45% carbon. The properties of this type are between those of lignite, the lowest grade of coal, and those of bituminous coal, the second-highest grade of coal. [1] Sub-bituminous coal is primarily used as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.