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The evolution of the universe and its horizons in proper distances. The x-axis is distance, in billions of light years; the left-hand y-axis is time, in billions of years since the Big Bang; the right-hand y-axis is the scale factor. This is the same model as in the earlier figure, with dark energy and an event horizon.
In affine geometry, uniform scaling (or isotropic scaling[1]) is a linear transformation that enlarges (increases) or shrinks (diminishes) objects by a scale factor that is the same in all directions (isotropically). The result of uniform scaling is similar (in the geometric sense) to the original. A scale factor of 1 is normally allowed, so ...
t. e. The deceleration parameter in cosmology is a dimensionless measure of the cosmic acceleration of the expansion of space in a Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker universe. It is defined by: where is the scale factor of the universe and the dots indicate derivatives by proper time. The expansion of the universe is said to be ...
Scale factor (cosmology) The expansion of the universe is parametrized by a dimensionless scale factor . Also known as the cosmic scale factor or sometimes the Robertson–Walker scale factor, [1] this is a key parameter of the Friedmann equations. In the early stages of the Big Bang, most of the energy was in the form of radiation, and that ...
e. The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components: a cosmological constant, denoted by lambda (Λ), associated with dark energy. the postulated cold dark matter, denoted by CDM. ordinary matter. It is referred to as the standard model of Big Bang cosmology [1 ...
Composition (visual arts) The term composition means "putting together". It can be thought of as the organization of the elements of art according to the principles of art. Composition can apply to any work of art, from music through writing and into photography, that is arranged using conscious thought. In the visual arts, composition is often ...
Art valuation. Art valuation, an art-specific subset of financial valuation, is the process of estimating the market value of works of art. As such, it is more of a financial rather than an aesthetic concern, however, subjective views of cultural value play a part as well. Art valuation involves comparing data from multiple sources such as art ...
Each of the components decreases with the expansion of the universe (increasing scale factor), except perhaps the dark energy term. It is the values of these cosmological parameters which physicists use to determine the acceleration of the universe. The acceleration equation describes the evolution of the scale factor with time