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Examples of such systems include modern cell phones, with GND and voltages such as 1.2 V, 1.8 V, 2.4 V, 3.3 V, and PCs, with GND and voltages such as −5 V, 3.3 V, 5 V, 12 V. Power-sensitive designs often have multiple power rails at a given voltage, using them to conserve energy by switching off supplies to components that are not in active use.
The following is a list of CMOS 4000-series digital logic integrated circuits.In 1968, the original 4000-series was introduced by RCA.Although more recent parts are considerably faster, the 4000 devices operate over a wide power supply range (3V to 18V recommended range for "B" series) and are well suited to unregulated battery powered applications and interfacing with sensitive analogue ...
The 7400 series devices have been produced on a number of different manufacturing processes, but have retained the same pinouts throughout. For example, all 7405 devices provide six NOT gates (or inverters) but may have incompatible supply voltage tolerances. 7405 – Standard TTL, 4.75–5.25 V. 74C05 – CMOS, 4–15 V.
The Soviet Union started manufacturing TTL ICs with 7400-series pinout in the late 1960s and early 1970s, such as the K155ЛA3, which was pin-compatible with the 7400 part available in the United States, except for using a metric spacing of 2.5 mm between pins instead of the 0.1 inches (2.54 mm) pin-to-pin spacing used in the west. [107]
CMOS chips often work with a broader range of power supply voltages than other logic families. Early TTL ICs required a power supply voltage of 5V, but early CMOS could use 3 to 15V. [ 13 ] Lowering the supply voltage reduces the charge stored on any capacitances and consequently reduces the energy required for a logic transition.
HCT stands for high-speed CMOS with transistor–transistor logic voltages. These devices are similar to the HCMOS types except they will operate at standard TTL power supply voltages and logic input levels. This allows for direct pin-to-pin compatible CMOS replacements to reduce power consumption without loss of speed. [4]
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The open collector transistor can be rated to withstand a higher voltage than the chip supply voltage. This technique is commonly used by logic circuits operating at 5 V or lower to drive higher voltage devices such as electric motors, LEDs in series, [8] 12 V relays, 50 V vacuum fluorescent displays, or Nixie tubes requiring more than 100 V.