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Earth's energy budget (or Earth's energy balance) is the balance between the energy that Earth receives from the Sun and the energy the Earth loses back into outer space. Smaller energy sources, such as Earth's internal heat, are taken into consideration, but make a tiny contribution compared to solar energy. The energy budget also takes into ...
Thunderstorm — also electrical storm, form of weather characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth's atmosphere known as thunder. Triboelectric effect — Type of contact electrification in which objects become electrically charged after coming into contact and are then separated.
Water vapor concentration for this gas mixture is 0.4%. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere, responsible for 70% of the known absorption of incoming sunlight, particularly in the infrared region, and about 60% of the atmospheric absorption of thermal radiation by the Earth known as the greenhouse effect. [25]
In the 1950s, early climatologists such as Syukuro Manabe have already been making attempts to describe the role of ice cover in Earth's energy budget. [11] In 1969, both USSR's Mikhail Ivanovich Budyko and the United States' William D. Sellers have published papers presenting some of the first energy-balance climate models to demonstrate that the reflectivity of ice had a substantial impact ...
Optical phenomena are any observable events that result from the interaction of light and matter. All optical phenomena coincide with quantum phenomena. [1] Common optical phenomena are often due to the interaction of light from the Sun or Moon with the atmosphere, clouds, water, dust, and other particulates.
Infrared radiation can pass through dry, clear air in the wavelength range of 8–13 μm. Materials that can absorb energy and radiate it in those wavelengths exhibit a strong cooling effect. Materials that can also reflect 95% or more of sunlight in the 200 nanometres to 2.5 μm range can exhibit cooling even in direct sunlight. [9]
If the quantity of water that is condensed in and subsequently precipitated from a cloud is known, then the total energy of a thunderstorm can be calculated. In an average thunderstorm, the energy released amounts to about 10,000,000 kilowatt-hours (3.6 × 10 13 joule), which is equivalent to a 20-kiloton nuclear warhead. A large, severe ...
Vacuum energy is an underlying background energy that exists in space throughout the entire universe. [1] The vacuum energy is a special case of zero-point energy that relates to the quantum vacuum .