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In North America, the Toronto Police was founded in Canada in 1834, one of the first municipal police departments on that continent, followed by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City both founded in 1838. In the United States, the first organized police service was established in Boston in 1838, New York in 1844, and Philadelphia in 1854.
First attested in English in the early 15th century, originally in a range of senses encompassing '(public) policy; state; public order', the word police comes from Middle French police ('public order, administration, government'), [10] in turn from Latin politia, [11] which is the romanization of the Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeia) 'citizenship, administration, civil polity'. [12]
The English police: A political and social history (2014). Lyman, J.L. "The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829: An Analysis of Certain Events Influencing the Passage and Character of the Metropolitan Police Act in England," Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science (1964) 55#1 pp. 141–154 online; Taylor, James.
Map of Spanish America c. 1800, showing the 4 viceroyalties (New Spain, pink), (New Granada, green), (Peru, orange), (Río de la Plata, blue) and provincial divisions During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento , which was between the Audiencia ...
1513: Núñez de Balboa claims the Pacific Ocean and its shores for Spain; 1515: Conquest of Cuba completed; 1517: Francisco Hernández de Córdoba lands on the Yucatán Peninsula; 1519: Founding of Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz ; 1519: Álvarez de Pineda explores the Gulf Coast of the United States; 1519: Founding of Panama City by Pedro Arias ...
In Cities in American History, eds. Kenneth T. Jackson and Stanley K. Schultz (1972) pp: 3-13. Richardson, James F. The New York Police, Colonial Times to 1901 (Oxford University Press, 1970) Thale, Christopher. "The Informal World of Police Patrol: New York City in the Early Twentieth Century," Journal of Urban History (2007) 33#2 pp 183–216.
The Daily Bruin reports that a small group of university police were on the scene. The paper quotes UCLA Police Chief John Thomas as saying the department had five to six officers on duty at the time.
The Spanish–American War began when Spain refused American demands to reform its oppressive policies in Cuba. [164] The war was a series of quick American victories on land and at sea. At the Treaty of Paris peace conference the United States acquired the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. [165]