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Electrophoretic coating began to take its current shape in the late 1950s, when Dr. George E. F. Brewer and the Ford Motor Company team began working on developing the process for the coating of automobiles. The first commercial anodic automotive system began operations in 1963.
Copper electroplating machine for layering PCBs. Electroplating, also known as electrochemical deposition or electrodeposition, is a process for producing a metal coating on a solid substrate through the reduction of cations of that metal by means of a direct electric current.
Electroplating, a process that uses electric current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a coherent metal coating on an electrode; Electrophoretic deposition, a term for a broad range of industrial processes which includes electrocoating, e-coating, cathodic electrodeposition, anodic electrodeposition and electrophoretic coating ...
Various thin film characterization techniques can be used to measure the physical properties of PVD coatings, such as: Calo tester: coating thickness test; Nanoindentation: hardness test for thin-film coatings; Pin-on-disc tester: wear and friction coefficient test; Scratch tester: coating adhesion test
Electroless deposition is an important process in the electronic industry for metallization of substrates. Other metallization of substrates also include physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and electroplating which produce thin metal films but require high temperature, vacuum, and a power source respectively. [20]
Electroless nickel plating also can produce coatings that are free of built-in mechanical stress, or even have compressive stress. [ 16 ] A disadvantage is the higher cost of the chemicals, which are consumed in proportion to the mass of nickel deposited; whereas in electroplating the nickel ions are replenished by the metallic nickel anode.
The bilayers and wash steps can be performed in many different ways including dip coating, spin-coating, spray-coating, flow based techniques and electro-magnetic techniques. [1] The preparation method distinctly impacts the properties of the resultant films, allowing various applications to be realized. [ 1 ]
Copper electroplating baths can be used to plate either a strike or flash coating, which is a thin highly-adherent initial layer that is plated with additional layers of metal and that serves to improve adhesion of the subsequent layers to the underlying substrate, or a thicker coating of copper that may serve as the finish layer or as a ...