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Let X be an affine space over a field k, and V be its associated vector space. An affine transformation is a bijection f from X onto itself that is an affine map; this means that a linear map g from V to V is well defined by the equation () = (); here, as usual, the subtraction of two points denotes the free vector from the second point to the first one, and "well-defined" means that ...
A transformation A ↦ P −1 AP is called a similarity transformation or conjugation of the matrix A. In the general linear group , similarity is therefore the same as conjugacy , and similar matrices are also called conjugate ; however, in a given subgroup H of the general linear group, the notion of conjugacy may be more restrictive than ...
That is, applying a symmetry transformation and then computing the function produces the same result as computing the function and then applying the transformation. Equivariant maps generalize the concept of invariants, functions whose value is unchanged by a symmetry transformation of their argument. The value of an equivariant map is often ...
Distance ratios are preserved by the transformation. [2] Given an orthonormal basis, a matrix representing the transformation must have each column the same magnitude and each pair of columns must be orthogonal. The transformation is conformal (angle preserving); in particular orthogonal vectors remain orthogonal after applying the transformation.
Although a translation is a non-linear transformation in a 2-D or 3-D Euclidean space described by Cartesian coordinates (i.e. it can't be combined with other transformations while preserving commutativity and other properties), it becomes, in a 3-D or 4-D projective space described by homogeneous coordinates, a simple linear transformation (a ...
Let be a vector space over a field. [6] For instance, suppose is or , the standard n-dimensional space of column vectors over the real or complex numbers, respectively.In this case, the idea of representation theory is to do abstract algebra concretely by using matrices of real or complex numbers.
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