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  2. Method of normals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_normals

    In calculus, the method of normals was a technique invented by Descartes for finding normal and tangent lines to curves. It represented one of the earliest methods for constructing tangents to curves. The method hinges on the observation that the radius of a circle is always normal to the circle itself. With this in mind Descartes would ...

  3. Hesse normal form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse_normal_form

    Distance from the origin O to the line E calculated with the Hesse normal form. Normal vector in red, line in green, point O shown in blue. In analytic geometry, the Hesse normal form (named after Otto Hesse) is an equation used to describe a line in the Euclidean plane, a plane in Euclidean space, or a hyperplane in higher dimensions.

  4. Beta normal form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_normal_form

    A head normal form is not always a normal form, [5] because the applied arguments need not be normal. However, the converse is true: any normal form is also a head normal form. [5] In fact, the normal forms are exactly the head normal forms in which the subterms are themselves normal forms. This gives an inductive syntactic description of ...

  5. Normal (geometry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_(geometry)

    In geometry, a normal is an object (e.g. a line, ray, or vector) that is perpendicular to a given object. For example, the normal line to a plane curve at a given point is the line perpendicular to the tangent line to the curve at the point. A normal vector of length one is called a unit normal vector.

  6. Numerical methods for linear least squares - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_methods_for...

    The equation = is known as the normal equation. The algebraic solution of the normal equations with a full-rank matrix X T X can be written as ^ = = + where X + is the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse of X.

  7. Jordan normal form - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_normal_form

    Sets of representatives of matrix conjugacy classes for Jordan normal form or rational canonical forms in general do not constitute linear or affine subspaces in the ambient matrix spaces. Vladimir Arnold posed [ 16 ] a problem: Find a canonical form of matrices over a field for which the set of representatives of matrix conjugacy classes is a ...

  8. Envelope (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_(mathematics)

    A general straight-line thread connects the two points (0, k−t) and (t, 0), where k is an arbitrary scaling constant, and the family of lines is generated by varying the parameter t. From simple geometry, the equation of this straight line is y = −(k − t)x/t + k − t. Rearranging and casting in the form F(x,y,t) = 0 gives:

  9. Glossary of calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_calculus

    linear equation A linear equation is an equation relating two or more variables to each other in the form of + + + =, with the highest power of each variable being 1. linear system. list of integrals. logarithm. logarithmic differentiation. lower bound.

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