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Respiratory alkalosis is a medical condition in which increased respiration elevates the blood pH beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45) with a concurrent reduction in arterial levels of carbon dioxide.
The amount of respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis can be estimated using Winters' formula. [2] Hyperventilation due to the compensation for metabolic acidosis persists for 24 to 48 hours after correction of the acidosis, and can lead to respiratory alkalosis. [3] This compensation process can occur within minutes. [4]
Compensation for metabolic alkalosis occurs mainly in the lungs, which retain carbon dioxide (CO 2) through slower breathing, or hypoventilation (respiratory compensation). CO 2 is then consumed toward the formation of the carbonic acid intermediate, thus decreasing pH. Respiratory compensation, though, is incomplete.
metabolic acidosis, or respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation if too low (less than −2 mEq/L) Blood pH is determined by both a metabolic component, measured by base excess, and a respiratory component, measured by PaCO 2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide). Often a disturbance in one triggers a partial compensation in the other.
Compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis involve slowed breathing by the lungs to increase serum carbon dioxide, [2] a condition leaning toward respiratory acidosis. As respiratory acidosis often accompanies the compensation for metabolic alkalosis, and vice versa, a delicate balance is created between these two conditions.
It can also occur as a compensatory response to chronic metabolic alkalosis. [citation needed] One key to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic acidosis is that in respiratory acidosis, the CO 2 is increased while the bicarbonate is either normal (uncompensated) or increased (compensated). Compensation occurs if respiratory acidosis is ...
There are four primary acid-base derangements that can occur in the human body - metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis, and respiratory alkalosis. These are characterized by a serum pH below 7.4 (acidosis) or above 7.4 (alkalosis), and whether the cause is from a metabolic process or respiratory process.
One such mechanism is hyperventilation to lower blood carbon dioxide levels (a form of compensatory respiratory alkalosis). This hyperventilation, in its extreme form, may be observed as Kussmaul respiration. [16] In various situations such as infection, insulin demands rise but are not matched by the failing pancreas.