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Trail running is a type of running that takes place on outdoor trails, often in mountainous terrain, and often includes significant ascents and descents. Trail running is overseen by the International Trail Running Association and includes longer races. [1] [2] It is similar to both mountain and fell running (also known as hill running).
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A hurdling technique can also be found in the steeplechase, although in this event athletes are also permitted to step on the barrier to clear it. [5] Similarly, in cross country running athletes may hurdle over various natural obstacles, such as logs, mounds of earth, and small streams – this represents the sporting origin of the modern events.
The World Mountain Running Association (WMRA) is the global governing body of mountain running. For World Athletics purposes, mountain running takes place on terrain that is mainly off-road, but if there is significant elevation gain on the route, surfaced roads may be used. Courses involve considerable amounts of ascent (for mainly uphill ...
An ancient Greece vase from 600 BC depicting a running contest An early model of hurdling at the Detroit Athletic Club in 1888 Panathenaic Stadium in Athens, one of the first modern track and field stadiums American athlete Jim Thorpe lost his Olympic medals after taking expense money prior to the 1912 Summer Olympics for playing baseball, a violation of Olympic amateurism rules.
Cross country running is the most naturalistic of the sports in athletics as competitions take place on open-air courses over surfaces such as grass, woodland trails, and earth. It is both an individual and team sport , as runners are judged on an individual basis and a points scoring method is used for teams.
Therefore, it can be beneficial to change terrain occasionally – such as trail, beach, or grass running. This is more unstable ground and allows the legs to strengthen different muscles. Runners should be wary of twisting their ankles on such terrain. Running downhill also increases knee stress and should, therefore, be avoided.
Middle-distance running events are track races longer than sprints, ranging from 500 metres up to two miles (3218.688 metres). The standard middle distances are the 800 metres , 1500 metres and mile run , although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle-distance event. [ 1 ]