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The + and invariants keep track of how curves change under these transformations and deformations. The + invariant increases by 2 when a direct self-tangency move creates new self-intersection points (and decreases by 2 when such points are eliminated), while decreases by 2 when an inverse self-tangency move creates new intersections (and increases by 2 when they are eliminated).
We reflect across the plane through (), (), and the north pole, forming a closed curve containing antipodal points , with length () = (). A curve connecting ± p {\displaystyle \pm p} has length at least π {\displaystyle \pi } , which is the length of the great semicircle between ± p {\displaystyle \pm p} .
Figure 1: Zindler curve. Any of the chords of equal length cuts the curve and the enclosed area into halves. Figure 2: Examples of Zindler curves with a = 8 (blue), a = 16 (green) and a = 24 (red). A Zindler curve is a simple closed plane curve with the defining property that: (L) All chords which cut the curve length into halves have the same ...
A plane curve can often be represented in Cartesian coordinates by an implicit equation of the form (,) = for some specific function f.If this equation can be solved explicitly for y or x – that is, rewritten as = or = for specific function g or h – then this provides an alternative, explicit, form of the representation.
A Jordan curve or a simple closed curve in the plane R 2 is the image C of an injective continuous map of a circle into the plane, φ: S 1 → R 2. A Jordan arc in the plane is the image of an injective continuous map of a closed and bounded interval [a, b] into the plane. It is a plane curve that is not necessarily smooth nor algebraic.
It is 2 π for convex curves in the plane, and larger for non-convex curves. [1] It can also be generalized to curves in higher dimensional spaces by flattening out the tangent developable to γ into a plane, and computing the total curvature of the resulting curve. That is, the total curvature of a curve in n-dimensional space is
Since these parameterizing functions are doubly periodic, the elliptic curve can be identified with a period parallelogram with the sides glued together i.e. a torus. So the genus of an elliptic curve is 1. The genus–degree formula is a generalization of this fact to higher genus curves. The basic idea would be to use higher degree equations.
In mathematics, singular integral operators on closed curves arise in problems in analysis, in particular complex analysis and harmonic analysis.The two main singular integral operators, the Hilbert transform and the Cauchy transform, can be defined for any smooth Jordan curve in the complex plane and are related by a simple algebraic formula.