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Known as time to live (TTL) in IPv4, and hop limit in IPv6, this field specifies a limit on the number of hops a packet is allowed before being discarded. Routers modify IP packets as they are forwarded, decrementing the respective TTL or hop limit fields. Routers do not forward packets with a resultant field of 0 or less.
In the IPv4 header, TTL is the 9th octet of 20. In the IPv6 header, it is the 8th octet of 40. The maximum TTL value is 255, the maximum value of a single octet. A recommended initial value is 64. [2] [3] The time-to-live value can be thought of as an upper bound on the time that an IP datagram can exist in an Internet system.
Hop Limit: 8 bits Replaces the time to live field in IPv4. This value is decremented by one at each forwarding node and the packet is discarded if it becomes 0. However, the destination node should process the packet normally even if received with a hop limit of 0. Source Address: 128 bits The unicast IPv6 address of the sending node.
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of the oldest distance-vector routing protocols which employs the hop count as a routing metric. RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path from source to destination. The largest number of hops allowed for RIP is 15, which limits the size of networks ...
IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the address space to 4 294 967 296 (2 32) addresses. IPv4 reserves special address blocks for private networks (2 24 + 2 20 + 2 16 ≈ 18 million addresses) and multicast addresses (2 28 ≈ 268 million addresses).
IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Option: RFC 8200: 0x01 1 ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol: RFC 792: 0x02 2 IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol: RFC 1112: 0x03 3 GGP Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol: RFC 823: 0x04 4 IP-in-IP IP in IP (encapsulation) RFC 2003: 0x05 5 ST Internet Stream Protocol: RFC 1190, RFC 1819: 0x06 6 TCP Transmission Control Protocol ...
In the example above, selected options are to wait for three seconds (instead of five), send out only one query to each hop (instead of three), limit the maximum number of hops to 16 before giving up (instead of 30), with example.com as the final host. On line 8 and 9 (TTLs 8 and 9) it shows asterisks where the router did not respond within the ...
RIPv1 is not suitable for large networks as it limits the number of hops to 15. This hop limit was introduced to avoid routing loops, but also means that networks that are connected through more than 15 routers are unreachable. [3] The distance-vector protocol designed for use in wide area networks (WANs) is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).