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  2. Metaethics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaethics

    In metaphilosophy and ethics, metaethics is the study of the nature, scope, ground, and meaning of moral judgment, ethical belief, or values.It is one of the three branches of ethics generally studied by philosophers, the others being normative ethics (questions of how one ought to be and act) and applied ethics (practical questions of right behavior in given, usually contentious, situations).

  3. Instrumental and value rationality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_value...

    [It] is the default theory, the theory that all discussants of rationality take for granted.”” [6]: 133 But he accepted the traditional proposition that instrumental rationality is incomplete because value-free. It only reveals value-free facts as means for pursuing fact-free self-interested utility.

  4. Communicative rationality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_rationality

    According to Habermas, the "substantive" (i.e. formally and semantically integrated) rationality that characterized pre-modern worldviews has, since modern times, been emptied of its content and divided into three purely "formal" realms: (1) cognitive-instrumental reason; (2) moral-practical reason; and (3) aesthetic-expressive reason. The ...

  5. Instrumental and intrinsic value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_and_intrinsic...

    In moral philosophy, instrumental and intrinsic value are the distinction between what is a means to an end and what is as an end in itself. [1] Things are deemed to have instrumental value (or extrinsic value [2]) if they help one achieve a particular end; intrinsic values, by contrast, are understood to be desirable in and of themselves. A ...

  6. Value theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_theory

    Value theory, also known as axiology and theory of values, is the systematic study of values.As the branch of philosophy examining which things are good and what it means for something to be good, it distinguishes different types of values and explores how they can be measured and compared.

  7. Moral foundations theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory

    Moral foundations theory is a social psychological theory intended to explain the origins of and variation in human moral reasoning on the basis of innate, ...

  8. Egalitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism

    Modern egalitarianism is a theory that rejects the classic definition of egalitarianism as a possible achievement economically, politically, and socially. Modern egalitarianism theory, or new egalitarianism, outlines that if everyone had the same opportunity cost , [ clarification needed ] then there would be no comparative advances and no one ...

  9. Deontology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontology

    In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek: δέον, 'obligation, duty' + λόγος, 'study') is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules and principles, rather than based on the consequences of the action. [1]