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A Young diagram representing visually a polite expansion 15 = 4 + 5 + 6. In number theory, a polite number is a positive integer that can be written as the sum of two or more consecutive positive integers.
In mathematics and statistics, sums of powers occur in a number of contexts: . Sums of squares arise in many contexts. For example, in geometry, the Pythagorean theorem involves the sum of two squares; in number theory, there are Legendre's three-square theorem and Jacobi's four-square theorem; and in statistics, the analysis of variance involves summing the squares of quantities.
A positive integer that can be written as the sum of two or more consecutive positive integers. A138591: Erdős–Nicolas numbers: 24, 2016, 8190, 42336, 45864, 392448, 714240, 1571328, ... A number n such that there exists another number m and , =. A194472: Solution to Stepping Stone Puzzle
The n-th harmonic number, which is the sum of the reciprocals of the first n positive integers, is never an integer except for the case n = 1. Moreover, József Kürschák proved in 1918 that the sum of the reciprocals of consecutive natural numbers (whether starting from 1 or not) is never an integer.
In number theory and combinatorics, a partition of a non-negative integer n, also called an integer partition, is a way of writing n as a sum of positive integers. Two sums that differ only in the order of their summands are considered the same partition. (If order matters, the sum becomes a composition.)
Euler's sum of powers conjecture § k = 3, relating to cubes that can be written as a sum of three positive cubes; Plato's number, an ancient text possibly discussing the equation 3 3 + 4 3 + 5 3 = 6 3; Taxicab number, the smallest integer that can be expressed as a sum of two positive integer cubes in n distinct ways
Geometrically speaking, a positive integer m is a perfect cube if and only if one can arrange m solid unit cubes into a larger, solid cube. For example, 27 small cubes can be arranged into one larger one with the appearance of a Rubik's Cube, since 3 × 3 × 3 = 27. The difference between the cubes of consecutive integers can be expressed as ...
Subset sum problem, an algorithmic problem that can be used to find the shortest representation of a given number as a sum of powers; Pollock's conjectures; Sums of three cubes, discusses what numbers are the sum of three not necessarily positive cubes; Sums of four cubes problem, discusses whether every integer is the sum of four cubes of integers