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Decentralized Internet of things, or decentralized IoT, is a modified IoT which utilizes fog computing to handle and balance requests of connected IoT devices in order to reduce loading on the cloud servers and improve responsiveness for latency-sensitive IoT applications like vital signs monitoring of patients, vehicle-to-vehicle communication ...
Following this early work, the growing interest in and implementation of the Internet of things started to raise some questions about the application layer of the IoT. [5] While most of the work in the IoT space focused on network protocols, there was a need to think about the convergence of data from IoT devices.
Cyber-physical systems (CPS): the basic technology platform for IoT and IIoT and therefore the main enabler to connect physical machines that were previously disconnected. CPS integrates the dynamics of the physical process with those of software and communication, providing abstractions and modeling, design, and analysis techniques.
In this application space, these IoT devices are both interconnected via converged technology edge IoT platforms and or via "cloud" based applications. Embedded Systems are also included in the sphere of operational technology (e.g. smart instrumentation), along with a large subset of scientific data acquisition, control, and computing devices.
Narrowband Internet of things (NB-IoT) is a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) radio technology standard developed by 3GPP for cellular network devices and services. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The specification was frozen in 3GPP Release 13 ( LTE Advanced Pro ), in June 2016. [ 3 ]
Ambient IoT, from ambient and Internet of things, is a concept originally coined by 3GPP [1] that is used in the technology industry referring to an ecosystem of a large number of objects in which every item is connected into a wireless sensor network using low-cost self-powered sensor nodes.
An item bank Or Question Bank is a term for a repository of test items that belong to a testing program, as well as all information pertaining to those items. In most applications of testing and assessment , the items are of multiple choice format, but any format can be used.
Matter is a freely available connectivity standard for smart home and IoT (Internet of Things) devices. [2] [3] [4] It aims to improve interoperability and compatibility between different manufacturers and security, and always allowing local control as an option.