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Unlike other fluorescent proteins, PAFPs can be used as selective optical markers. An entirely labeled cell can be followed to assess cell division, migration, and morphology. Very small volumes containing PAFPs can be activated with a laser. In these cases, protein trafficking, diffusion, and turnover can be assessed.
Dronpa is a reversibly switchable photoactivatable fluorescent protein that is 2.5 times as bright as EGFP. [1] [2] Dronpa gets switched off by strong illumination with 488 nm (blue) light and this can be reversed by weak 405 nm UV light. [1] A single dronpa molecule can be switched on and off over 100 times. [3]
While the use of fluorescent proteins was once limited to the green fluorescent protein , in recent years many other fluorescent proteins have been cloned. Unlike GFPs, which are derived from the luminescent jellyfish Aequorea victoria, fluorescent proteins derived from anthozoa, including Eos, emit fluorescence in the red spectral range.
Kaede is a photoactivatable fluorescent protein naturally originated from a stony coral, Trachyphyllia geoffroyi.Its name means "maple" in Japanese.With the irradiation of ultraviolet light (350–400 nm), Kaede undergoes irreversible photoconversion from green fluorescence to red fluorescence.
These include photoswitchable compounds, which are proteins that can switch from a non-fluorescent state to that of a fluorescent one given a certain environment. [ 11 ] The most common organic molecule to be used as a photochrome is diarylethene . [ 12 ]
Proteins which sense and react to light were originally isolated from photoreceptors in algae, corals and other marine organisms. The two most commonly used photoactivatable proteins in scientific research, as of 2013, are photoactivatable fluorescent proteins and retinylidene proteins. Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins change to longer ...
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Multicolor imaging has been performed by using different activation wavelengths to distinguish dye-pairs, depending on the activator fluorophore used, [81] [82] [83] or using spectrally distinct photoswitchable fluorophores, either with or without activator fluorophores. [75] [84] [85] Photoswitchable fluorescent proteins can be used as well.