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Direct reduction processes can be divided roughly into two categories: gas-based and coal-based. In both cases, the objective of the process is to remove the oxygen contained in various forms of iron ore (sized ore, concentrates, pellets, mill scale, furnace dust, etc.) in order to convert the ore to metallic iron, without melting it (below 1,200 °C (2,190 °F)).
In the iron and steel industry, direct reduction is a set of processes for obtaining iron from iron ore, by reducing iron oxides without melting the metal. The resulting product is pre-reduced iron ore. Historically, direct reduction was used to obtain a mix of iron and slag called a bloom in a bloomery.
The iron ore is introduced into the furnace upstream and mixed with a small amount of fuel, typically hard coal. [21] After 6 to 8 hours, [22] it exits the furnace as pre-reduced iron ore at 1,000 °C. The amount of iron recovered ranges from 94% to 97.5% of the initial iron in the ore. [21]
Direct reduction is the fraction of iron oxide reduction that occurs in a blast furnace due to the presence of coke carbon, while the remainder - indirect reduction - consists mainly of carbon monoxide from coke combustion. It should also be noted that many non-ferrous oxides are reduced by this type of reaction in a blast furnace.
The HIsarna ironmaking process is a direct reduced iron process for iron making in which iron ore is processed almost directly into liquid iron ().The process combines two process units, the Cyclone Converter Furnace (CCF) for ore melting and pre-reduction and a Smelting Reduction Vessel (SRV) where the final reduction stage to liquid iron takes place.
ISO 11323:2010 Iron ore and direct reduced iron – Vocabulary ISO/TR 11328:1994 Measurement of liquid flow in open channels – Equipment for the measurement of discharge under ice conditions ISO 11329:2001 Hydrometric determinations – Measurement of suspended sediment transport in tidal channels
Using a specially constructed electric arc furnace, a mixture of hematite with +0.2% carbon content and coal (or charcoal) is smelted in a continuous process, with the reduced metal accumulating at the bottom of the furnace, where it can be tapped off. Carbon content in the product can be controlled by changing the quantity of coal in the furnace.
The Code is designed to minimise the dangers to ship from carrying solid bulk cargoes. [2] ... Ores including bauxite, sulphur, direct reduced iron, fertilisers ...