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Design and Technology (D&T) is a school subject taught in the United Kingdom to pupils in primary and secondary schools. It first appeared as a titled subject in the first National Curriculum for England in 1990. [1] It has undergone several reviews when the whole National Curriculum has been reviewed, the most recent in 2013. [1]
The National Curriculum for England is the statutory standard of school subjects, lesson content, and attainment levels for primary and secondary schools in England. It is compulsory for local authority -maintained schools, but also often followed by independent schools and state-funded academies .
Both reports recommended that high quality systematic phonics "should be taught as the prime approach in learning to decode (to read) and encode (to write/spell) print". Phonics should be taught systematically and discretely, however, it should be set within a "broad and rich" "multisensory" curriculum.
Key Stages in England are often abbreviated as KS (ex. KS1). Each key stage consists of a certain range of school years so there is no key stage for higher education. In Wales, the new curriculum replaces key stages with "progression steps" at ages 5, 8, 11, 14 and 16, "relating to broad expectations of a child’s progress". [1]
The assessments were introduced following the introduction of a National Curriculum to schools in England and Wales under the Education Reform Act 1988.As the curriculum was gradually rolled out from 1989, statutory assessments were introduced between 1991 and 1995, with those in Key Stage 1 first, following by Key Stages 2 and 3 respectively as each cohort completed a full key stage. [2]
A list of commercial phonics programs designed for teaching reading in English (arranged by country of origin to acknowledge regional language variations). United States [ edit ]
The National Reading Panel concluded that systematic phonics instruction is more effective than unsystematic phonics or non-phonics instruction. [ 6 ] Systematic phonics is not one specific method of teaching phonics; it is a term used to describe phonics approaches that are taught explicitly and in a structured, systematic manner.
Reading by using phonics is often referred to as decoding words, sounding-out words or using print-to-sound relationships.Since phonics focuses on the sounds and letters within words (i.e. sublexical), [13] it is often contrasted with whole language (a word-level-up philosophy for teaching reading) and a compromise approach called balanced literacy (the attempt to combine whole language and ...