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The source of this increase may be one of many metabolic factors, only one of which is CBS deficiency. Others include the re-methylation defects (cobalamin defects, methionine synthase deficiency, MTHFR) and vitamin deficiencies including riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6), folate (vitamin B9), and cobalamin (vitamin B12 ...
As a consequence of the biochemical reactions in which homocysteine is involved, deficiencies of vitamin B 6, folic acid (vitamin B 9), and vitamin B 12 can lead to high homocysteine levels. [2] Other possible causes of hyperhomocysteinemia include genetics, excessive methionine intake, and other diseases. [3]
Supplementation with vitamin C, vitamin D, and NAC can increase glutathione levels. [citation needed] Betaine hydrochloride is a lipotropic and increases gastric acid. [2] Betaine itself (in a non-hydrochloric form, also known as TMG or Trimethylglycine) also has a lipotropic effect. [3] Quinoa is high in betaine. [citation needed]
Diagnosis is typically based on blood levels of vitamin B 12 below 148–185 pmol/L (200 to 250 pg/mL) in adults. [2] Diagnosis is not always straightforward as serum levels can be falsely high or normal. [10] Elevated methylmalonic acid levels may also indicate a deficiency. [2]
Vitamin B 12 deficiency has been observed in between 40% and 80% of the vegetarian population who do not also take a vitamin B 12 supplement or consume vitamin-fortified food. [36] In Hong Kong and India, vitamin B 12 deficiency has been found in roughly 80% of the vegan population.
MyKind Organics Vegan B12 Spray. Made with methylcobalamin and oodles of organic fruit and botanicals, one spray a day tastes like raspberries while delivering 500 micrograms of vitamin B12. Plus ...
[56] [57] Low levels of serum vitamin B 12 may be caused by other factors than B 12 deficiency, such as folate deficiency, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, haptocorrin deficiency, and myeloma. [57] High serum levels may caused by supplementing with vitamin B 12, present of antibodies to intrinsic factor, or due to underlying condition. [56]
Increased homocysteine levels suggest tissue folate deficiency, but homocysteine is also affected by vitamin B 12 and vitamin B 6, renal function, and genetics. One way to differentiate between folate deficiency and vitamin B 12 deficiency is by testing for methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels.
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