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Pseudocode is commonly used in textbooks and scientific publications related to computer science and numerical computation to describe algorithms in a way that is accessible to programmers regardless of their familiarity with specific programming languages.
The following is the skeleton of a generic branch and bound algorithm for minimizing an arbitrary objective function f. [3] To obtain an actual algorithm from this, one requires a bounding function bound, that computes lower bounds of f on nodes of the search tree, as well as a problem-specific branching rule.
Borůvka's algorithm is a greedy algorithm for finding a minimum spanning tree in a graph, or a minimum spanning forest in the case of a graph that is not connected.. It was first published in 1926 by Otakar Borůvka as a method of constructing an efficient electricity network for Moravia.
The pseudocode below uses a function ccw: ccw > 0 if three points make a counter-clockwise turn, ccw < 0 if clockwise, and ccw = 0 if collinear. (In real applications, if the coordinates are arbitrary real numbers, the function requires exact comparison of floating-point numbers, and one has to beware of numeric singularities for "nearly ...
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At the end of this process, if the sequence has a majority, it will be the element stored by the algorithm. This can be expressed in pseudocode as the following steps: Initialize an element m and a counter c with c = 0; For each element x of the input sequence: If c = 0, then assign m = x and c = 1; else if m = x, then assign c = c + 1; else ...
For example, consider the result if we were to union a checkerboard (where every tile is a pixel) of size with its complement. The result is a giant black square which should be represented by a quadtree with just the root node (coloured black), but instead the algorithm produces a full 4-ary tree of depth k {\displaystyle k} .
Best-first search is a class of search algorithms which explores a graph by expanding the most promising node chosen according to a specified rule.. Judea Pearl described best-first search as estimating the promise of node n by a "heuristic evaluation function () which, in general, may depend on the description of n, the description of the goal, the information gathered by the search up to ...