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Reversal theory is a structural, phenomenological theory of personality, motivation, and emotion in the field of psychology. [1] It focuses on the dynamic qualities of normal human experience to describe how a person regularly reverses between psychological states, reflecting their motivational style, the meaning they attach to a situation at a given time, and the emotions they experience.
For example, when actually experiencing physiological responses related to fear, people mislabel those responses as romantic arousal. The reason physiological symptoms may be attributed to incorrect stimuli is because many stimuli have similar physiological symptoms such as increased blood pressure or shortness of breath .
The two-factor theory of emotion posits when an emotion is felt, a physiological arousal occurs and the person uses the immediate environment to search for emotional cues to label the physiological arousal. The theory was put forth by researchers Stanley Schachter and Jerome E. Singer in a 1962 article.
Example - Watching a movie within the genre of thriller, suspense or horror. Explanation - The initial stimulus would be the act or situation of watching a movie within one of these genres. Physical responses including an increased heart rate and elevated levels of adrenaline would be the physiological arousal components of the theory.
Simply moving is not considered approach (or avoidance) motivation [8] It is important to note that arousal is different from motivational intensity. While arousal is a construct that is closely related to motivational intensity, they differ in that motivation necessarily implies action while arousal does not.
One comprehensive theory of emotional arousal in humans has been developed by Jonathan Turner (2007: 2009). [119] [120] Two of the key eliciting factors for the arousal of emotions within this theory are expectations states and sanctions. When people enter a situation or encounter with certain expectations for how the encounter should unfold ...
Lange reinterpreted James's theory by operationalizing it. He made James's theory more testable and applicable to real life examples. [9] However, both agreed that if physiological sensations could be removed, there would be no emotional experience. In other words, physiological arousal causes emotion. [3]
Motivational intensity and arousal are related, but are considered to be separate ideas; arousal has implications for action, but motivational intensity does not and it is possible to experience high levels of arousal, but not experience motivational intensity (e.g., laughing). [3]