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Lugard's first expedition of May to June 1888 attacked the Swahili stockades with limited success and, in the course of one attack, Lugard was wounded and withdrew south. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Lugard's second expedition in December 1888 to March 1889 was larger and included a 7-pounder gun , which, however, failed to breach the stockade walls.
The Battle of Kwatarkwashi was a decisive battle between the British administered Protectorate of Northern Nigeria and forces of the Sokoto Caliphate's Kano Emirate. The defeat of the Kano cavalry in the battle marked the formative end of the Kano Emirate.
From 1914 to 1919, Lugard was made Governor General of the now combined Colony of Nigeria. Throughout his tenure, Lugard sought strenuously to secure the amelioration of the condition of the native people, among other means by the exclusion, wherever possible, of alcoholic liquors, and by the suppression of slave raiding and slavery.
Nigeria is divided roughly in half between Muslims, who live mostly in the north part of the country, and Christians, who live mostly in the south; indigenous religions, such as those native to the Igbo and Yoruba ethnicities, are in the minority. [20] Nigeria is a regional power in Africa and a middle power in international affairs.
Frederick Lugard proclaimed the protectorate of Northern Nigeria at Ida in Kogi on January 1, 1897. The basis of the colony was the 1885 Treaty of Berlin, which broadly granted Northern Nigeria to Britain on the basis of their protectorates in Southern Nigeria. [4] Hostilities with the powerful Sokoto Caliphate soon followed.
Lugard Footbridge, in Kaduna, Nigeria, named after Baron Lugard. Lugard Road, one of many places in Hong Kong named after Baron Lugard. PS Lugard, a Uganda Railway paddle steamer named after Baron Lugard and built in 1927. PS Lugard II, a Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours paddle steamer named after Baron Lugard and built in 1946.
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Historian Harry A. Gailey noted that Gwam was instrumental in changing his views about Lord Lugard's successes as a military leader, diplomat, and administrator. [2] Gailey also indicated that Gwam was about to write a critical "expose of Lugard's mistaken policies as applied to Western Nigeria" before his death in July 1965. [2]