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Qur'an and History — a Disputed Relationship: Some Reflections on Qur'anic History and History in the Qur'an / القرآن والتاريخ: علاقة موضع جدل Angelika Neuwirth and ٲنجليکا نيوورث. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. Vol. 5, No. 1 (2003), pp. 1–18. Edinburgh University Press.
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia is a two-volume encyclopedia covering the military and political history of Islam, edited by Alexander Mikaberidze and published in 2011. The encyclopedia contains more than 600 entries from dozens of contributors, as well as a glossary, maps and photographs. [1]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 27 February 2025. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...
The First Fitna was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the overthrow of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate.The civil war involved three main battles between the fourth Rashidun caliph, Ali, and the rebel groups.
Major battles in the history of Islam arose between the Meccans and the Muslims; one of the most important to the latter was the Battle of Badr in 624 AD. [7] [page needed] Other early battles included battles in Uhud (625), Khandaq (627), Mecca (630), Khaybar (628) and Hunayn (630) .
The history of Islam is believed by most historians [1] to have originated with Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, [2] [3] although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets, such as Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, and Jesus, with the submission (Islām) to the will of God.
There were three main groups of early converts to Islam: younger brothers and sons of great merchants; people who had fallen out of the first rank in their tribe or failed to attain it; and the weak, mostly unprotected foreigners. [10] Ibn Hisham & Ibn Ishaq; 6 First Muslim Martyr/first Muslim to be killed: Sumayyah bint Khabbab: 615 [11] [9]
Concise History of Islam by Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani - 2011; L'islam de Pétra Réponse à la thèse de Dan Gibson by X - 2020; You Sorry You Asked by Albert L. Masler, Jr. - 2002; Islam at War by George F. Nafziger, Mark W. Walton - 2003; Outline History of the Islamic World by Masudul Hasan, Abdul Waheed - 1974