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In the 5th century BC in ancient India, the grammarian Pāṇini formulated the grammar of Sanskrit in 3959 rules known as the Ashtadhyayi which was highly systematized and technical. Panini used metarules, transformations and recursions. [6] The Antikythera mechanism is believed to be an early mechanical analog computer. [7]
A documentary, The World's First Computer, was produced in 2012 by the Antikythera mechanism researcher and film-maker Tony Freeth. [101] In 2012, BBC Four aired The Two-Thousand-Year-Old Computer; [102] it was also aired on 3 April 2013 in the United States on NOVA, the PBS science series, under the name Ancient Computer. [103]
The earliest known tool for use in computation is the Sumerian abacus, and it was thought to have been invented in Babylon c. 2700 –2300 BC. Its original style of usage was by lines drawn in sand with pebbles. [citation needed] In c. 1050 –771 BC, the south-pointing chariot was invented in ancient China.
Also worked on BINAC (1949), EDVAC (1949), UNIVAC (1951) with Grace Hopper and Jean Bartik, to develop early stored program computers. 1958 McCarthy, John: Invented LISP, a functional programming language. 1956, 2012 McCluskey, Edward J.
Chinese inventor Liang Lingzan built the world's first fully mechanical clock; water clocks, some of them extremely accurate, had been known for centuries previous to this. This was an important technological leap forward; the earliest true computers, made a thousand years later, used technology based on that of clocks. [citation needed] 850
3.3 Mya – 2.6 Mya: Stone tools - found in modern-day Kenya are older and only found on the archetype road. Ancient stone tools from Ethiopia were hand-crafted by Australopithecus or related people. [1] [2] [further explanation needed] 2.3 Mya: Earliest likely control of fire and cooking, by Homo habilis [3] [4] [5]
However, the mathematician's efforts remained theoretical only, as the technology of Lovelace and Babbage's day proved insufficient to build his computer. Alan Turing is credited with being the first person to come up with a theory for software in 1935, which led to the two academic fields of computer science and software engineering .
The crankshaft was invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, [63] [64] and is central to modern machinery such as the steam engine, internal combustion engine and automatic controls. [65] [66] The camshaft was also first described by Al-Jazari in 1206. [67] Early programmable machines were also invented in the Muslim world.