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From 1 billion years, and for about 12.8 billion years, the universe has looked much as it does today and it will continue to appear very similar for many billions of years into the future. The thin disk of our galaxy began to form when the universe was about 5 billion years old or 9 ± 2 Gya. [15]
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. [1] The concept of an expanding universe was scientifically originated by physicist Alexander Friedmann in 1922 with the mathematical derivation of the Friedmann equations.
The timeline of the Universe lists events from its creation to its ultimate final state. For a timeline of the universe from the present to its presumed conclusion, see: Timeline of the far future Chronology of the universe
A term for universe among the ancient Greek philosophers from Pythagoras onwards was τὸ πᾶν (tò pân) 'the all', defined as all matter and all space, and τὸ ὅλον (tò hólon) 'all things', which did not necessarily include the void. [33] [34] Another synonym was ὁ κόσμος (ho kósmos) meaning 'the world, the cosmos'. [35]
In physical cosmology, the age of the universe is the time elapsed since the Big Bang: 13.8 billion years. [1] ... of years began to appear. Nonetheless, ...
The history of the universe after inflation but before a time of about 1 second is largely unknown. [22] However, the universe is known to have been dominated by ultrarelativistic Standard Model particles, conventionally called radiation, by the time of neutrino decoupling at about 1 second. [23]
The traditional model of the Big Bang. The use of only general relativity to predict what happened in the beginnings of the universe has been heavily criticized, as quantum mechanics becomes a significant factor in the high-energy environment of the earliest stage of the universe, and general relativity on its own fails to make accurate predictions.
A graphical view of the Cosmic Calendar, featuring the months of the year, days of December, the final minute, and the final second. The Cosmic Calendar is a method to visualize the chronology of the universe, scaling its currently understood age of 13.787 billion years to a single year in order to help intuit it for pedagogical purposes in science education or popular science.