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  2. Sino-Xenic vocabularies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Xenic_vocabularies

    In particular, Korean and Japanese had far fewer consonants and much simpler syllables than Chinese, and they lacked tones. Even Vietnamese merged some Chinese initial consonants (for example, several different consonants were merged into t and th while ph corresponds to both p and f in Mandarin). A further complication is that the various ...

  3. Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary

    Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary (Vietnamese: từ Hán Việt, Chữ Hán: 詞漢越, literally 'Chinese-Vietnamese words') is a layer of about 3,000 monosyllabic morphemes of the Vietnamese language borrowed from Literary Chinese with consistent pronunciations based on Middle Chinese. Compounds using these morphemes are used extensively in cultural ...

  4. Contronym - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contronym

    In Vietnamese, minh means among other things "bright, clear" (from Sino-Vietnamese 明) and "dead, gloomy" (from 冥). Because of this, the name of the dwarf planet Pluto is not adapted from 冥王星 as in Chinese, Japanese and Korean. [29] [30] [31] Spanish dichoso meant originally "blissful, fortunate" as in tierra dichosa, "fortunate land".

  5. List of calques - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_calques

    In some dialects of French, the English term "weekend" becomes la fin de semaine ("the end of week"), a calque, but in some it is left untranslated as le week-end, a loanword. French cor anglais (literally English horn) is a near-calque of English French horn. In English cor anglais refers to a completely different musical instrument.

  6. Sino-Japanese vocabulary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary

    For example, sewa ('care, concern') is written 世話, using the on'yomi "se" + "wa" ('household/society' + 'talk'); although this word is not Sino-Japanese but a native Japanese word believed to derive from sewashii, meaning 'busy' or 'troublesome'; the written form 世話 is simply an attempt to assign plausible-looking characters pronounced ...

  7. Shrivelling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrivelling

    Partially shrivelled Pinot Noir grapes. Left on the vine in the vineyard les Hâtes in Burgundy (Côte de Beaune) after the main harvest. Shrivelling is a natural phenomenon where an object, with an attached sub-elastic covering, has its interior volume reduced in some way.

  8. Synonymy in Japanese - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymy_in_Japanese

    There are many synonyms in Japanese because the Japanese language draws from several different languages for loanwords, notably Chinese and English, as well as its own native words. [1] In Japanese, synonyms are called dōgigo (kanji: 同義語) or ruigigo (kanji: 類義語). [2] Full synonymy, however, is rare.

  9. Japanese dictionary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_dictionary

    The Dutch translator Hori Tatsunosuke (堀達之助), who interpreted for Commodore Perry, compiled the first true EnglishJapanese dictionary: A Pocket Dictionary of the English and Japanese Language (英和対訳袖珍辞書, Yosho-Shirabedokoro, 1862). It was based upon English-Dutch and Dutch-Japanese bilingual dictionaries, and contained ...