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A protected group, protected class (US), or prohibited ground (Canada) is a category by which people are qualified for special protection by a law, policy, or similar authority. In Canada and the United States, the term is frequently used in connection with employees and employment and housing .
On May 28, 1998, President Bill Clinton signed Executive Order 13087, which amended Executive Order 11478 to add sexual orientation to the list of classes covered. [ 6 ] On May 2, 2000, Executive Order 13152 amended Executive Order 11478 to add "status as a parent" to the list of categories and defined that term in detail.
Employment practices that do not directly discriminate against a protected category may still be illegal if they produce a disparate impact on members of a protected group. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employment practices that have a discriminatory impact, unless they are related to job performance.
Pushed aside in the admissions process, activists claim, are students in the protected class — those who identify as of color, English-language learners, students with disabilities and those ...
Anti-discrimination laws vary by jurisdiction with regard to the types of discrimination that are prohibited, and also the groups that are protected by that legislation. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Commonly, these types of legislation are designed to prevent discrimination in employment, housing, education, and other areas of social life, such as public ...
The Supreme Court established the judicial precedent for suspect classifications in the cases of Hirabayashi v.United States [5] and Korematsu v. United States. [6] The Supreme Court recognizes race, national origin, and religion as suspect classes; it therefore analyzes any government action that discriminates against these classes under strict scrutiny.
In 2017, a federal judge ruled that sexual orientation and gender identity are protected classes under the Fair Housing Act. [64] [65] As of May 2018, there is an additional pending effort to amend the Fair Housing Act to make this explicit (HR 1447). [66]
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