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The combined approach of ultrasound with Doppler, along with the selective use of contrast-enhanced MRI, proves to be an efficient diagnostic method for identifying benign adnexal masses with distinctive features, including functional masses, dermoid, endometrioma, fibroma, pedunculated fibroid, hydrosalpinx, and peritoneal inclusion cysts. [18]
Ovarian serous cystadenoma is a non-cancerous type of tumor of the ovary. [1] It is typically larger than 1cm in diameter and presents with signs and symptoms of a growth in the pelvis, or is discovered when investigating something else. [2]
A dermoid cyst is a teratoma of a cystic nature that contains an array of developmentally mature, solid tissues. It frequently consists of skin , hair follicles , and sweat glands , while other commonly found components include clumps of long hair , pockets of sebum , blood , fat , bone , nail , teeth , eyes , cartilage , and thyroid tissue.
Theca lutein cyst is a type of bilateral functional ovarian cyst filled with clear, straw-colored fluid. These cysts result from exaggerated physiological stimulation (hyperreactio luteinalis) due to elevated levels of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) or hypersensitivity to beta-hCG.
Ovarian borderline tumors, also known as low malignant potential (LMP) ovarian tumors, do not cause an increase in CA125 levels and are not identifiable with an ultrasound. The typical symptoms of an LMP tumor can include abdominal distension or pelvic pain. Particularly large masses tend to be benign or borderline.
These tumors are usually evaluated using ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Findings on imaging studies are nonspecific. These ovarian tumors are usually multi-septated, cystic masses with thin walls. They also contain varying amounts of solid tissue which consists of proliferating stromal tissue, papillae, or malignant tumor cells.
Ultrasound demonstrates a complex appearance with multiple cystic and solid areas, findings that reflect the gross pathologic appearance of the tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings may be more characteristic: The cystic spaces demonstrate both high and low signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images.
Regardless of location in the body, a teratoma is classified according to a cancer staging system. This indicates whether chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be needed in addition to surgery. Teratomas commonly are classified using the Gonzalez-Crussi [ 20 ] grading system: 0 or mature ( benign ); 1 or immature, probably benign; 2 or immature ...