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A typical comet nucleus has an albedo of 0.04. [70] Such a dark surface is thought to be indicative of a primitive and heavily space weathered surface containing some organic compounds. The overall albedo of the Moon is measured to be around 0.14, [71] but it is strongly directional and non-Lambertian, displaying also a strong opposition effect ...
Typical values of liquid water path in marine stratocumulus can be of the order of 20-80 g/m 2. [3] The liquid water path also contributes to important cloud properties. As the value of the liquid water path increases, so does the albedo of the cloud. This increase in albedo is seen most quickly at the lower end of the liquid water path ...
Water content and cloud thickness together make a cloud's liquid water path. This value also notably varies with changing cloud droplet size. [6] Liquid water path is typically measured in units of g/m 2 and in excess of 20 g/m 2 clouds typically will become opaque to long-wavelength light although this may not hold true with cirrus clouds. [7]
The water cycle is essential to life on Earth and plays a large role in the global climate system and ocean circulation. The warming of our planet is expected to be accompanied by changes in the water cycle for various reasons. [24] For example, a warmer atmosphere can contain more water vapor which has effects on evaporation and rainfall.
Evapotranspiration is typically measured in millimeters of water (i.e. volume of water moved per unit area of the Earth's surface) in a set unit of time. [6]: Ch. 1, "Units" Globally, it is estimated that on average between three-fifths and three-quarters of land precipitation is returned to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration.
It is the ratio of reflected to incident solar radiation, commonly referred to as albedo. Climatologists are primarily interested in albedo integrated over the shortwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (~300 to 3500 nm), which coincides with the main solar energy input. Typically, albedo values for non-melting snow-covered surfaces are ...
The albedo and emissivity of the Moon are about 0.1054 [45] and 0.95 [46] respectively, yielding an estimated temperature of about 1.36 °C. Estimates of the Earth's average albedo vary in the range 0.3–0.4, resulting in different estimated effective temperatures.
Details of how clouds interact with shortwave and longwave radiation at different atmospheric heights [17]. Clouds have two major effects on the Earth's energy budget: they reflect shortwave radiation from sunlight back to space due to their high albedo, but the water vapor contained inside them also absorbs and re-emits the longwave radiation sent out by the Earth's surface as it is heated by ...