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The lithium–sulfur battery (Li–S battery) is a type of rechargeable battery. It is notable for its high specific energy . [ 2 ] The low atomic weight of lithium and moderate atomic weight of sulfur means that Li–S batteries are relatively light (about the density of water).
Under certain conditions, some battery chemistries are at risk of thermal runaway, leading to cell rupture or combustion. As thermal runaway is determined not only by cell chemistry but also cell size, cell design and charge, only the worst-case values are reflected here. [63]
Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs, SIBs, or Na-ion batteries) are several types of rechargeable batteries, which use sodium ions (Na +) as their charge carriers. In some cases, its working principle and cell construction are similar to those of lithium-ion battery (LIB) types, but it replaces lithium with sodium as the intercalating ion.
This eliminates waste-heat storage or fire- and explosion-proof equipment, and allows closer cell packing. The company claimed that the battery required half the volume of lithium-ion batteries and one quarter that of sodium–sulfur batteries. [26] The cell used a nickel cathode and a glassy carbon anode. [27]
Cut-away schematic diagram of a sodium–sulfur battery. A sodium–sulfur (NaS) battery is a type of molten-salt battery that uses liquid sodium and liquid sulfur electrodes. [1] [2] This type of battery has a similar energy density to lithium-ion batteries, [3] and is fabricated from inexpensive and low-toxicity materials.
Lithium sulfate is used to treat bipolar disorder (see lithium pharmacology). Lithium sulfate is researched as a potential component of ion conducting glasses. Transparent conducting film is a highly investigated topic as they are used in applications such as solar panels and the potential for a new class of battery. In these applications, it ...
The sulfate ion carries an overall charge of −2 and it is the conjugate base of the bisulfate (or hydrogensulfate) ion, HSO − 4, which is in turn the conjugate base of H 2 SO 4, sulfuric acid. Organic sulfate esters, such as dimethyl sulfate, are covalent compounds and esters of sulfuric acid.
As a battery is discharged the density of lead sulfate in solution increases. In common designs, it reaches a critical density when discharged to about 75% depth of discharge, or below. [ 2 ] For instance, a 12V battery with a 100 ampere hour (Ah) capacity will reach this density when 25 Ah (300 Wh) or more have been drawn from the battery.