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The nucleocapsid (N) protein is a protein that packages the positive-sense RNA genome of coronaviruses to form ribonucleoprotein structures enclosed within the viral capsid. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The N protein is the most highly expressed of the four major coronavirus structural proteins . [ 2 ]
Such a structure is composed of a cylinder with a cap at either end. The cylinder is composed of 10 elongated triangular faces. The Q number (or T mid ), which can be any positive integer, [ 19 ] specifies the number of triangles, composed of asymmetric subunits, that make up the 10 triangles of the cylinder.
The influenza viral genome is composed of eight ribonucleoprotein particles formed by a complex of negative-sense RNA bound to a viral nucleoprotein. Each RNP carries with it an RNA polymerase complex.
The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell. [46] The viral envelope is made up of a lipid bilayer in which the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored. [47] The molar ratio of E:S:M in the lipid bilayer is approximately 1:20:300. [48]
The virus wraps its delicate nucleic acid with a protein shell known as the capsid, from the Latin capsa, meaning "box," in order to shield it from this hostile environment. Similar to how numerous bricks come together to form a wall, the capsid is made up of one or more distinct protein types that repeatedly repeat to form the whole capsid.
The capsid is made of many smaller, identical protein molecules called capsomers. The arrangement of the capsomers can either be icosahedral (20-sided), helical , or more complex. There is an inner shell around the DNA or RNA called the nucleocapsid , made out of proteins.
The genetic material of a virus is stored within a viral protein structure called the capsid. The capsid is a "shield" that protects the viral nucleic acids from getting degraded by host enzymes or other types of pesticides or pestilences.
The capsid is made from proteins encoded by the viral genome and its shape serves as the basis for morphological distinction. [41] [42] Virally-coded protein subunits will self-assemble to form a capsid, in general requiring the presence of the virus genome. Complex viruses code for proteins that assist in the construction of their capsid.