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  2. List of joint sessions of the United States Congress

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_joint_sessions_of...

    (this was a speech to the House, but several Senators were present as guests of the House; not a joint meeting) Message from Lafayette Henry Clay, Speaker of the House Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, French General February 9, 1825 Joint session Counting electoral votes for the 1824 presidential election: None 19th: March 4, 1825 ...

  3. History of the papacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_papacy

    The Byzantine Papacy was a period of return to Imperial domination of the papacy from 537 to 752, when popes required the approval of the Byzantine Emperors for episcopal consecration, and many popes were chosen from the apocrisiarii (liaisons from the pope to the emperor) or the inhabitants of Byzantine Greece, Syria, or Sicily.

  4. Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service...

    Proponents of the spoils system were successful at blocking meaningful civil service reform until the assassination of President James A. Garfield in 1881. The 47th Congress passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act during its lame duck session and President Chester A. Arthur, himself a former spoilsman, signed the bill into law.

  5. Rerum novarum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerum_novarum

    Without recommending one form of government over another, Pope Leo puts forth principles for the appropriate role of the state. The primary purpose of a state is to provide for the common good. All people have equal dignity regardless of social class, and a good government protects the rights and cares for the needs of all its members, rich and ...

  6. Papal conclave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave

    During Popes John Paul II's and Francis' announcement, there was no image of his predecessor's arms (indicating that the previous pope had just died, or was still alive at the time of the conclave), and during Pope Pius XI's first appearance following his election at the 1922 conclave, the banner showed the arms of Pope Pius IX instead of the ...

  7. History of the United States Congress - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United...

    Congress Voting Independence, by Robert Edge Pine, depicts the Second Continental Congress voting in 1776.. Although one can trace the history of the Congress of the United States to the First Continental Congress, which met in the autumn of 1774, [2] the true antecedent of the United States Congress was convened on May 10, 1775, with twelve colonies in attendance.

  8. Buy your way to Heaven! The Catholic Church brings back ...

    www.aol.com/news/2009-02-10-buy-your-way-to...

    Pope Benedict has announced that his faithful can once again pay the Catholic Church to ease their way through Purgatory and into the Gates of Heaven. Never mind that Martin Luther fired Buy your ...

  9. 1st United States Congress - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress

    Birth of the nation: the First Federal Congress, 1789–1791 (Rowman & Littlefield, 1989) Bordewich, Fergus M. The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government (2016) Bowling, Kenneth R. Politics in the first Congress, 1789–1791 (Taylor & Francis, 1990) Christman, Margaret C.S.

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