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Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere. [2] Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found wherever bacteria exist. It is estimated there are more than 10 31 bacteriophages on the planet, more than every other organism on Earth, including bacteria, combined. [3]
The genome of bacteriophages residing in the gut in Type-2 diabetes patients have been shown to contain numerous genes implicated in disease development. [6] Total phage representation in the virome is higher in individuals with Cardiovascular disease than healthy controls, totaling 63% and 18% respectively. [ 6 ]
A prophage is a bacteriophage (often shortened to "phage") genome that is integrated into the circular bacterial chromosome or exists as an extrachromosomal plasmid within the bacterial cell. [1] Integration of prophages into the bacterial host is the characteristic step of the lysogenic cycle of temperate phages.
Escherichia virus T4 is a species of bacteriophages that infect Escherichia coli bacteria. It is a double-stranded DNA virus in the subfamily Tevenvirinae of the family Straboviridae . T4 is capable of undergoing only a lytic life cycle and not the lysogenic life cycle .
Bacteriophage T7 (or the T7 phage) is a bacteriophage, a virus that infects bacteria. It infects most strains of Escherichia coli and relies on these hosts to propagate. Bacteriophage T7 has a lytic life cycle , meaning that it destroys the cell it infects.
A Bacillus phage is a member of a group of bacteriophages known to have bacteria in the genus Bacillus as host species. These bacteriophages have been found to belong to the families Myoviridae , Siphoviridae , Podoviridae , or Tectiviridae .
These enzymes, called restriction endonucleases, cut up the viral DNA that bacteriophages inject into bacterial cells. [22] Bacteria also contain a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of viruses that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block the virus's replication through ...
Unlike eukaryotic cells, bacteria usually lack large membrane-bound structures in their cytoplasm such as a nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles present in eukaryotic cells. [56] However, some bacteria have protein-bound organelles in the cytoplasm which compartmentalise aspects of bacterial metabolism, [57] [58] such as ...