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In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total.Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions, vectors, matrices, polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operation denoted "+" is defined.
The general formula ... This results from applying to the definition of matrix product the fact that the conjugate of a sum is the sum of the conjugates of the ...
The sum a + b can be interpreted as a binary operation that combines a and b, in an algebraic sense, or it can be interpreted as the addition of b more units to a. Under the latter interpretation, the parts of a sum a + b play asymmetric roles, and the operation a + b is viewed as applying the unary operation +b to a. [20]
Here, 3 (the multiplier) and 4 (the multiplicand) are the factors, and 12 is the product. One of the main properties of multiplication is the commutative property, which states in this case that adding 3 copies of 4 gives the same result as adding 4 copies of 3: = + + + =
If the sum is a two-digit number then the leftmost digit, called the "carry", is added to the next pair of digits to the left. This process is repeated until all digits have been added. [65] Other methods used for integer additions are the number line method, the partial sum method, and the compensation method. [66]
The proof of the general Leibniz rule [2]: 68–69 proceeds by induction. Let f {\displaystyle f} and g {\displaystyle g} be n {\displaystyle n} -times differentiable functions. The base case when n = 1 {\displaystyle n=1} claims that: ( f g ) ′ = f ′ g + f g ′ , {\displaystyle (fg)'=f'g+fg',} which is the usual product rule and is known ...
Faulhaber's formula is also called Bernoulli's formula. Faulhaber did not know the properties of the coefficients later discovered by Bernoulli. Rather, he knew at least the first 17 cases, as well as the existence of the Faulhaber polynomials for odd powers described below. [2] Jakob Bernoulli's Summae Potestatum, Ars Conjectandi, 1713
The most general power rule is the functional power rule: for any functions and , ′ = () ′ = (′ + ′ ), wherever both sides are well defined. Special cases: If f ( x ) = x a {\textstyle f(x)=x^{a}} , then f ′ ( x ) = a x a − 1 {\textstyle f'(x)=ax^{a-1}} when a {\textstyle a} is any nonzero real number and x {\textstyle x} is ...