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  2. Photon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

    Photons are massless particles that can move no faster than the speed of light measured in vacuum. The photon belongs to the class of boson particles. As with other elementary particles, photons are best explained by quantum mechanics and exhibit wave–particle duality, their behavior featuring properties of both waves and particles. [2]

  3. Emission spectrum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_spectrum

    This concludes that only photons with specific energies are emitted by the atom. The principle of the atomic emission spectrum explains the varied colors in neon signs, as well as chemical flame test results (described below). The frequencies of light that an atom can emit are dependent on states the electrons can be in.

  4. Virtual photon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_photon

    Virtual photons are responsible for Lamb shift, which is a small shift in the energy levels of hydrogen atoms caused by the interaction of the atom with virtual photons in the vacuum. They are also responsible for the Casimir effect , which is the phenomenon of two uncharged metallic plates being attracted to each other due to the presence of ...

  5. Photoelectric effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect

    Moreover, the energy of the emitted electrons will not depend on the intensity of the incoming light of a given frequency, but only on the energy of the individual photons. [4] While free electrons can absorb any energy when irradiated as long as this is followed by an immediate re-emission, like in the Compton effect, in quantum systems all of ...

  6. Spontaneous emission - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_emission

    Spontaneous emission is the process in which a quantum mechanical system (such as a molecule, an atom or a subatomic particle) transits from an excited energy state to a lower energy state (e.g., its ground state) and emits a quantized amount of energy in the form of a photon.

  7. Electron excitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_excitation

    Within a semiconductor crystal lattice, thermal excitation is a process where lattice vibrations provide enough energy to transfer electrons to a higher energy band such as a more energetic sublevel or energy level. [3] When an excited electron falls back to a state of lower energy, it undergoes electron relaxation (deexcitation [4]).

  8. Photon structure function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon_structure_function

    Photons with high photon energy can transform in quantum mechanics to lepton and quark pairs, the latter fragmented subsequently to jets of hadrons, i.e. protons, pions, etc.At high energies E the lifetime t of such quantum fluctuations of mass M becomes nearly macroscopic: t ≈ E/M 2; this amounts to flight lengths as large as one micrometer for electron pairs in a 100 GeV photon beam, while ...

  9. Electron - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron

    These photons were sufficiently energetic that they could react with each other to form pairs of electrons and positrons. Likewise, positron–electron pairs annihilated each other and emitted energetic photons: γ + γ ↔ e + + e −. An equilibrium between electrons, positrons and photons was maintained during this phase of the evolution of ...