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The treatment for recently developed or acute hepatic artery thrombosis include anticoagulant medications, fibrinolytic therapy to break up the blood clot, or surgical revascularization. [2] If acute hepatic artery thrombosis occurs after liver transplantation, then retransplantation with a new liver may be necessary. [2]
Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a vascular disease of the liver that occurs when a blood clot occurs in the hepatic portal vein, which can lead to increased pressure in the portal vein system and reduced blood supply to the liver. The mortality rate is approximately 1 in 10. [1]
Portal hypertension is defined as increased portal venous pressure, with a hepatic venous pressure gradient greater than 5 mmHg. [3] [4] Normal portal pressure is 1–4 mmHg; clinically insignificant portal hypertension is present at portal pressures 5–9 mmHg; clinically significant portal hypertension is present at portal pressures greater than 10 mmHg. [5]
Dieulafoy lesions are characterized by a single abnormally large blood vessel beneath the gastrointestinal mucosa that bleeds, [8] in the absence of any ulcer, erosion, or other abnormality in the mucosa. The size of these blood vessels varies from 1–5 mm (more than 10 times the normal diameter of mucosal capillaries).
Outside compression of a blood vessel, e.g. by a tumor or in the case of superior mesenteric artery syndrome; Sickle cell disease (abnormally shaped red blood cells) Induced g-forces which restrict the blood flow and force the blood to the extremities of the body, as in acrobatics and military flying
Gastric varices are dilated submucosal veins in the lining of the stomach, which can be a life-threatening cause of bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.They are most commonly found in patients with portal hypertension, or elevated pressure in the portal vein system, which may be a complication of cirrhosis.
The rest comes from the partially deoxygenated blood from the portal vein. The liver consumes about 20% of the total body oxygen when at rest. That is why the total liver blood flow is quite high, at about 1 litre a minute and up to two litres a minute. That is on average one fourth of the average cardiac output at rest.
Raynaud’s disease is a rare peripheral vascular syndrome that narrows blood vessels, generally in the hands and feet, due to cold or stressful emotion. [8] It is recognized by the reduction of blood flow to fingers and toes with periodic spasm and results in a drastic color change to white or blue.