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Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, [1] including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. [ 2 ]
The trend towards pharmacy specialization started to take effect in Bruges, Belgium where a new law was passed that forbid physicians to prepare medications for patients. [7] The oldest pharmacy is claimed to be set up in 1221 in the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy, which now houses a perfume museum.
Historically, it was a physician's instruction to an apothecary listing the materials to be compounded into a treatment—the symbol ℞ (a capital letter R, crossed to indicate abbreviation) comes from the first word of a medieval prescription, Latin recipe (lit. ' take thou '), that gave the list of the materials to be compounded.
The current Ephesus dates back to 400 BC and was the site of the Temple of Artemis, one of the seven wonders of the world. In Baghdad the first pharmacies, or drug stores, were established in 754, [11] under the Abbasid Caliphate during the Islamic Golden Age. By the 9th century, these pharmacies were state-regulated. [12] [unreliable source?]
The word "pharmacognosy" is derived from two Greek words: φάρμακον, pharmakon , and γνῶσις gnosis or the Latin verb cognosco (con, 'with', and gnōscō, 'know'; itself a cognate of the Greek verb γι(γ)νώσκω, gi(g)nósko, meaning 'I know, perceive'), [3] meaning 'to conceptualize' or 'to recognize'.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 15 January 2025. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness This article is about the science of healing. For medicaments, see Medication. For other uses, see Medicine (disambiguation). "Medical" redirects here. "Medical" is also the common informal term for a medical examination. Flag of World ...
The main aim of clinical pharmacology is to generate data for optimum use of drugs and the practice of 'evidence-based medicine'. Clinical pharmacologists have medical and scientific training that enables them to evaluate evidence and produce new data through well-designed studies .
Forward (classical) and reverse pharmacology approaches in drug discovery. In the field of drug discovery, classical pharmacology, [1] also known as forward pharmacology, [2] [3] [4] or phenotypic drug discovery (PDD), [5] relies on phenotypic screening (screening in intact cells or whole organisms) of chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts to identify ...