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Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, [1] including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. [ 2 ]
The word "pharmacognosy" is derived from two Greek words: φάρμακον, pharmakon , and γνῶσις gnosis or the Latin verb cognosco (con, 'with', and gnōscō, 'know'; itself a cognate of the Greek verb γι(γ)νώσκω, gi(g)nósko, meaning 'I know, perceive'), [3] meaning 'to conceptualize' or 'to recognize'.
Al-Biruni (973–1050) wrote one of the most valuable Islamic works on pharmacology entitled Kitab al-Saydalah (The Book of Drugs), where he gave detailed knowledge of the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist.
The current Ephesus dates back to 400 BC and was the site of the Temple of Artemis, one of the seven wonders of the world. In Baghdad the first pharmacies, or drug stores, were established in 754, [11] under the Abbasid Caliphate during the Islamic Golden Age. By the 9th century, these pharmacies were state-regulated. [12] [unreliable source?]
Medicine (UK: / ˈ m ɛ d s ɪ n / ⓘ, US: / ˈ m ɛ d ɪ s ɪ n / ⓘ) is the science and practice of the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.[4] [5] The word "medicine" is derived from Latin medicus, meaning "a physician".
The main aim of clinical pharmacology is to generate data for optimum use of drugs and the practice of 'evidence-based medicine'. Clinical pharmacologists have medical and scientific training that enables them to evaluate evidence and produce new data through well-designed studies .
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology, and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. [1]Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery, as with penicillin.
In some languages and regions, "apothecary" is not archaic and has become those languages' term for "pharmacy" or a pharmacist who owns one. Apothecaries' investigation of herbal and chemical ingredients was a precursor to the modern sciences of chemistry and pharmacology. [1]