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Medical illustrations have been made possibly since the beginning of medicine [1] in any case for hundreds (or thousands) of years. Many illuminated manuscripts and Arabic scholarly treatises of the medieval period contained illustrations representing various anatomical systems (circulatory, nervous, urogenital), pathologies, or treatment methodologies.
The Visible Human Project is an effort to create a detailed data set of cross-sectional photographs of the human body, in order to facilitate anatomy visualization applications. It is used as a tool for the progression of medical findings, in which these findings link anatomy to its audiences. [1]
The sheets contain contributions to art and painting, studies of people, animals, plants, and landscapes, as well as mechanics, weaponry, and anatomy. [ 1 ] The 153 sheets of anatomical drawings were previously grouped into three volumes: Anatomical Manuscript A (18 sheets), B (42 sheets), and C (93 sheets).
Anatomography is an interactive website which supports generating anatomical diagrams and animations of the human body. The Anatomography website is maintained by the DBCLS (Database Center for Life Science) non-profit research institute located at the University of Tokyo.
G (1–4): the grade of the cancer cells (i.e. they are "low grade" if they appear similar to normal cells, and "high grade" if they appear poorly differentiated) S (0–3): elevation of serum tumor markers; R (0–2): the completeness of the operation (resection-boundaries free of cancer cells or not) Pn (0–1): invasion into adjunct nerves
Frank Henry Netter (25 April 1906 – 17 September 1991) was an American surgeon and medical illustrator.The first edition of his Atlas of Human Anatomy — his "personal Sistine Chapel" [1] — was published in 1989; he was a fellow of the New York Academy of Medicine where he was first published in 1957.
Similar findings have been reported for colorectal cancer as well. [22] [23] There are two types of circulating tumor cell cluster, one that consists of cancer cells only is termed homotypic. A CTC cluster that also incorporates other cells including white blood cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and platelets, is termed heterotypic. [24]
Early evidence of human cancer can be interpreted from Egyptian papers (1538 BCE) and mummified remains. [11] In 2016, a 1.7 million year old osteosarcoma was reported by Edward John Odes (a doctoral student in Anatomical Sciences from Witwatersrand Medical School, South Africa) and colleagues, representing the oldest documented malignant ...