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The conversion of conductivity (in μS/cm) to the total dissolved solids (in mg/kg) depends on the chemical composition of the sample and can vary between 0.54 and 0.96. Typically, the conversion is done assuming that the solid is sodium chloride; 1 μS/cm is then equivalent to about 0.64 mg of NaCl per kg of water.
The siemens (symbol: S) is the unit of electric conductance, electric susceptance, and electric admittance in the International System of Units (SI). Conductance, susceptance, and admittance are the reciprocals of resistance, reactance, and impedance respectively; hence one siemens is equal to the reciprocal of one ohm (Ω −1) and is also referred to as the mho.
where TDS is expressed in mg/L and EC is the electrical conductivity in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 °C. The conversion factor k e varies between 0.55 and 0.8. [5] Some TDS meters use an electrical conductivity measurement to the ppm using the above formula. Regarding units, 1 ppm indicates 1 mg of dissolved solids per 1,000 g of water. [6]
millivolt 10 3 V kV kilovolt 10 −6 V μV microvolt 10 6 V MV megavolt 10 −9 V nV nanovolt 10 9 V GV gigavolt 10 −12 V pV picovolt 10 12 V TV teravolt 10 −15 V fV femtovolt 10 15 V PV petavolt 10 −18 V aV attovolt 10 18 V EV exavolt 10 −21 V zV zeptovolt 10 21 V ZV zettavolt 10 −24 V yV yoctovolt 10 24 V YV yottavolt 10 −27 V rV
The electric field strength at a specific point can be determined from the power delivered to the transmitting antenna, its geometry and radiation resistance. Consider the case of a center-fed half-wave dipole antenna in free space, where the total length L is equal to one half wavelength (λ/2).
The sensitivity of a microphone is usually expressed as the sound field strength in decibels (dB) relative to 1 V/Pa (Pa = N/m 2) or as the transfer factor in millivolts per pascal (mV/Pa) into an open circuit or into a 1 kiloohm load. [citation needed] The sensitivity of a loudspeaker is usually expressed as dB / 2.83 V RMS at 1 metre.
Upon the application of pressure on a test solution, liquid starts to flow and to generate an electric potential. This streaming potential is related to the pressure gradient between the ends of either a single flow channel (for samples with a flat surface) or the porous plug (for fibers and granular media) to calculate the surface zeta potential.
The Smith chart (sometimes also called Smith diagram, Mizuhashi chart (水橋チャート), Mizuhashi–Smith chart (水橋スミスチャート), [1] [2] [3] Volpert–Smith chart (Диаграмма Вольперта—Смита) [4] [5] or Mizuhashi–Volpert–Smith chart), is a graphical calculator or nomogram designed for electrical and electronics engineers specializing in radio ...