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The Chee Kung Tong (Chinese: 致公堂; Jyutping: zi3 gung1 tong4), or Gee Kung Tong, was a Chinese secret society established in 1880 and holds an active presence still. In earlier years, the society has also been recognized as the "Chinese Masons" and has been identified under various names such as Hongmen ( Chinese : 洪門 ), Hongshuntang ...
These associations often provide services for Chinatown communities such as immigrant counseling, Chinese schools, and English classes for adults. [1]: 48 Tongs follow the pattern of secret societies common to southern China and many are connected to a secret society called the Tiandihui, which follows this pattern.
Y. K. Chu's Triads as Business [2] looks at the role of Hong Kong Triads in legal, illegal and international markets. Peng Wang's The Chinese Mafia [3] examines the rise of mainland Chinese organized crime and the political-criminal nexus (collusion between gangs and corrupt police officers) in reform and opening era of China.
Hongmen seal, 19th century Amoy [1] Hongmen seal, 19th century Guangdong. The Tiandihui, the Heaven and Earth Society, also called Hongmen (the Vast Family), is a Chinese fraternal organization and historically a secretive folk religious sect in the vein of the Ming loyalist White Lotus Sect, the Tiandihui's ancestral organization. [2]
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Captured Boxer fighters during the Boxer Rebellion in Tianjin (1901). The Boxers, officially known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (traditional Chinese: 義和拳; simplified Chinese: 义和拳; pinyin: Yìhéquán; Wade–Giles: I 4-ho 2-ch'üan 2) among other names, were a Chinese secret society based in Northern China that carried out the Boxer Rebellion from 1899 to 1901.
The Yellow Sand Society [a] (Chinese: 黃沙會; Wade–Giles: Huang Sha Hui), [4] also known as Yellow Way Society (Chinese: 黃道會; Wade–Giles: Huang Tao Hui), [5] and Yellow Gate Society (Chinese: 黃門會; Wade–Giles: Huang Men Hui), [6] was a rural secret society and folk religious sect in northern China during the 19th and 20th century.