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Linear programming (LP), also called linear optimization, is a method to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements and objective are represented by linear relationships. Linear programming is a special case of mathematical programming (also known as mathematical optimization).
Some geometric optimization problems may be expressed as LP-type problems in which the number of elements in the LP-type formulation is significantly greater than the number of input data values for the optimization problem. As an example, consider a collection of n points in the plane, each
Linear programming relaxation is a standard technique for designing approximation algorithms for hard optimization problems. In this application, an important concept is the integrality gap , the maximum ratio between the solution quality of the integer program and of its relaxation.
There is a close connection between linear programming problems, eigenequations, and von Neumann's general equilibrium model. The solution to a linear programming problem can be regarded as a generalized eigenvector. The eigenequations of a square matrix are as follows:
The storage and computation overhead is such that the standard simplex method is a prohibitively expensive approach to solving large linear programming problems. In each simplex iteration, the only data required are the first row of the tableau, the (pivotal) column of the tableau corresponding to the entering variable and the right-hand-side.
For example, if is non-basic and its coefficient in is positive, then increasing it above 0 may make larger. If it is possible to do so without violating other constraints, then the increased variable becomes basic (it "enters the basis"), while some basic variable is decreased to 0 to keep the equality constraints and thus becomes non-basic ...
One way is the dimensionality of the cutting: the above example illustrates a one-dimensional (1D) problem; other industrial applications of 1D occur when cutting pipes, cables, and steel bars. Two-dimensional (2D) problems are encountered in furniture, clothing and glass production.
Worked example of assigning tasks to an unequal number of workers using the Hungarian method. The assignment problem is a fundamental combinatorial optimization problem. In its most general form, the problem is as follows: The problem instance has a number of agents and a number of tasks.